SER CHIN DAN LEH ENKAWL DAN



-Source-

SER (CITRUS)

Chin Dan leh Enkawl Dan

Issued by

Agriculture Department Govt. of Mizoram

             

SERTHLUM ,    SERTHUR,    SERMAM(CITRUS)

     Serthlum, Serthur leh Sermamte hi hmakhawsang atang tawhin China chhim lam ramte, Malaya leh Assam ram Himalaya tlang depah te chuan an lo ching tawh a. Heng hmun atangte hian tropic ram leh a sik leh sa ngeih zawng awmna khawvel hmun dangah a lo darh zel a ni. Heng serte hian India ramah chuan Theihai leh Balhla tih lovah thei lamah Industry-ah chuan hmun sang ber a chang a ni.

     Heng Ser chithum te hi thei lam chhungkaw pakhat Rutaceae hnuaia mi a ni a. Serthlum leh Sermamte chuan chi(Variety) hrang an la nei theuh bawk a ni.

     Serthlum chu thei tuihnai paitawih awlsam, mi vawng hrisel thei, tuihnang ngah leh mi tiharh sawng sawng thei a ni. Chuvang chuan kan nitin ei leh inah hian tel reng thei se a tha hle a ni. Serthlum tuiah hian Vitamin ‘C’ a tam em em a , Vitamin A leh B hnar tak a ni bawk. Heng bakah thlumna leh thurna (theia awm chi) te mineral (Calcium, Phosphorus leh Iron) te leh alkaline salt te pawh a keng tel bawk a ni. Kan rama ei bakah, a tui sawra, ei leh in tih tuihnai nan hman a ni bawk.

     Hrisel tha tak ni reng tur chuan Serthlum tharlam emaw a tui emaw nitin breakfast a tel ziah a pawimawh a ni. A zung leh a pang vela dal (thil var) te hian thil ei paitawih an ti awlsama. A zung tuamtu dal chuan thil chikhat ‘pectin’ an tih mai chu a pai a, chumi avang chuan a hlang emaw thei dang pectin pai ve lo nena hmangin Marmalades leh Jelly siam nan a that phah a ni.

     Serthur leh Sermamte pawh hian Serthlum angin Vitamin minerals-te an pai ve thova, mahse thlumna erawh chu an nei tlem a ni. An thur em avangin a pum khata ei an ni meuh lova, chaw eina a ei tel atan leh ei tur dang te a pawlh atan hman a ni ber. Thil thlum lam siam nan pawh tangkai taka hman a ni bawk.

     Serthlum leh Serthur chhip lam pil atangin hriak laktheih a awm a, chu hriak chu ei tur tih rimtui nan leh tih tuihnai nan hman a ni. Tin Serthur leh Sermam atangte chuan Citric Acid leh Citrate te lakchhuah a niin, sumdawn nan hman a ni. He Ser a chi hnih tuite hi tihdanglam loh pawhin a rimtui sa ve reng a, damdawi dang nena pawlhin lusuk nan te, kamthuah nan te leh vuna chulh atan te an hmang bawk.

SERTHLUM

     India ramah hi chuan Serthlumte ti a kan sawi hian ser chi hnih Sisu (Citrus Sinensis) leh Mandarins (Citrus reticulate) te hi sawi kawp nghal a ni.

Variety :

Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)

     Sisu hi kumtluana hring reng chi a niin a san zawng hi ft.30 vela sang a ni a. A hnah bul lamah hian a thla niawm tak peng hran pahnih a awm thin. A rah chu a bial leh a tung sawl a ni deuh ber a. Dan naranin a inkawpin emaw, a mal chauhin emaw a rah thin . A bawr khawmin a rah ngai meuh lo. A variety lar zual deuh deuh te han tarlang ila, chungte chu :-

     (1)Malta (Common)

     (2) Malta (Blood red)

     (3) Mosambi ( hei hi Mosambi emaw Mozambi que an ti bawk )

     (4) Batavian Orange

     (5) Sathgudi

Mandarin Orange (Citrus reticulate)

     Serthlum hi chu kan hriat theuh angin Sisu aia a danglamna chu a pil kheh a awl bik deuh a nih hi. India ramah hi chuan ‘ Santra’ tia hmun tina hriat a niin, vai tawng thiam lo pawhin santra tih hi Serthlum tihna a ni tih hriat tha ang.

     Hralh sum atan chin lar zual deuh deuh te chu hetiang hi a ni :-

     1) Nagpur Santra

     2) Khasi Orange

     3) Coorg Orange

     4) Desi Variety

     5) Butwal

     6) Emperor

     7) Khinow Orange (Kind Serthlum chi leh willow leaf Serthlum inthlahpawlh)

     8) Satsuma Orange

     Hemi bakah hian Darjeeling emaw Sikkim Serthlum an tih te khu Kolkatta Bazarah a lar ber ber te an ni.

     Ramdang atanga serthlum chi lak luh te pawh India ramah hian an tha duh hle a. Chungte chu Tangors. (Sisu leh Serthlum inthlahpawlh) te, Tangelos (Sertawk leh Serthlum inthlah pawlh) te hi an ni a. A bikin heng serthlum te hi Rajasthan leh Punjab ram lamah an tha duh hle a ni.

CULTIVATION (A chin dan )

Sik leh Sa :

     Serthlum leh Sisu te hi 4℃-42℃ inkarah hlawhtling takin a chin theih a. Nimahsela vur leh khawvawt tamna hmunah chuan a tha thei lo. Ruahtui thu-ah chuan 30-100 inches a tlakna hmun kumtluan ruah tui insem rualna hmun nise a tha.

     Hemi bakah hian thli thaw tamna hmunah hian a rah insiam tur a khawih buai thin avangin thli dal siam ngei ngei tur a ni. A hmun san zawngah chuan 1000ft - 5000ft inkarah hlawhtling takin a chin theih a ni.

Leilung :

     Leilung thu-ah chuan a thur leh a al thu-ah 5-8 pH a ni. Serthlum te hi eng ang leiah pawh a chin theih ti ila a dik mai awm e. Amaherawh chu tlak lei awmna hmun leh leime-in a pawlh ve zeuh zeuh na hmunah a chinna tur hmun uluk taka chawhpawlhin a tha duh ber a ni.

A chin darh zau dan :

     A chindarh chung changah hian kan Zoramah hi chuan a chi kuitiah atanga chindarh hi vawiin ni thlenga kan chin dan a ni. Nimahse a mu (chi) atanga chindarh hi sumdawnna atan tak taka chinna hmunah chuan ser chi dangte nena chin pawlh a nih fo avangin, a chi danglam deuh a inher chhuak duh hle a. Amaherawhchu uluk taka cheibawl leh ser dangte nena chin pawlh lohna hmunah erawh chuan anmahni chi dik tak an pe chhuak a ni. Hetiang ang harsatna (a chi dik tak ni lo kui tiah ) tikiang tur hian tunlaiah ser kung dang nena zawm (Budding ) hi an uar tawh zawk a ni. A kui tiah ho hi chu a rah har bikin hling a ngah bik a, a kung a riain a sang duh bik bawk a ni. Chuvangin kawlawm (grafting) emaw a zar peng pakhat, serkung danga zawm (Budding)emaw hi tunlai chuan a lar tawh zawk a ni.

Hengte hi tawite in han sawi fiah lawk ila :

Kawlawm :

     Ser tang kan duh tak kan thlang hmasa phawt tur a ni. Han en mai pawhin a hrisel a ni tih kan hre tur a ni. Kan kawlawmna lai tur chu inches 1-1 ½ inkara pil kan vel fai tur ni a, chu lai chu leitha leh lei inchawhpawlhin inches hnih vel tala chhahin kan tuam tur a ni. A tuam nan hian Buara emaw sarang (Polythene) emaw hman tur a ni. Thal ro laia kawlawm kan ti duh a nih chuan December-march thal ro lai chuan hetiang hian tih tur a ni. Mizo tuithawl emaw , tin ruak emaw chu verh pawp a, la hrual(la pangngai ngei ni se) thun tur a ni. La hrual hmawr chu kawlawmnaah chuan tawn beh tur a ni. A hnuai lamah ni lovin, a chung lam atanga tui pe lut thei ngei tura tawn beh tur a ni.

     Tuithawl emaw tinah emaw chuan tui dah tur a ni a. La hrual chu a zui anga, zawi te tein muang changin kawlawmah chuan tui a pe thin dawn a ni. La hrual hi tui luang chak lo thei ang ber a dan tur a ni. Amaherawhchu April thla hnu lamah erawh chuan hetiang hi tih a ngai tawh lo. Ruah van tla hian a ti nung pha tawh tho a ni.

Budding :

     Hei hi thingkung bul pakhat atanga a zar leh a kungpui atana kan thing duh tak zuk vuah zawm hi Budding an ti a ni. Budding ti tur hian thei kung pahnih kan mamawh a, chungte chu Scion leh Root Stock a ni.

Scion :

     Hei hi kan theikung (thingkung) puitling tura kan duh taka hi a ni.

Root Stock :

     Hei hi kan thei duhtak zawmna tur atana a bul thu (lei atanga chaw pe tu tur) a ni.

     Vanneih thlak takin ser ho hi vih zawm(Budding ) atan emaw Grafting(kawlawm) atan hian a pil hi a rem changin thingkung dang aiin a sawisak a nuam bik a. A nung duh em em bawk a ni. Thil pakhat kan hriat reng tur chu Budding (vih zawm) atan hian thing pil inmil lo tak maite chu an vih zawm theih loh( entir nan : Kang damdawi leh kawlthei etc)

     Theikung vih zawm(Budding) hi kum 1953 atang khan South India a Kodur hmunah enchhinna tih tan a ni a. Serthlum atana a bul thut atan a tha berte enchhin a ni a.

     Chu enchhin naah chuan Sisu atan hi chuan ama bul ngei hi hmang ila a tha ber tih an hmu chhuak a ni. Heta an enchhinna atang hian serkung vih zawm hi a tha bik tih an hmuchhuakin India ram chhungah a lo lar chho ta tial tial a ni. (Thingtlang pa tam tak he mi thu an han hrilh hian awih harsa an la ti deuh Ed) Rootstock (a bul thu) atan theikung tha bik an hmuh chhuah te chu hetiang hi a ni.

     1. Jambri (citrus Jambhri)

     2. Karna Khatta (Citrus karna)

     3. Rangpur leime (Citrus limonia)

     4. Kodakithuli Orange( Citrus reticulate)

     Heng ho hi Rootstock atan tha zual bik te an ni a. A bikin heng rootstock te enkawl dan tur i han sawi leh lawk teh ang :-

Rootstock enkawl dan : A chunga kan tarlan ho theikung pali hian chi uluk takin an la a. chu chu inches 1-2 vela hlatin an ching ta a. A tlar inhlat zawng chu inches 3 a ni tur a ni a. A kui na hmun hi tui pek zung zung theihna leh hnimte pawh zung zung theihna hmuna buatsaih tur a ni.

Belzawm (budding) hun :- Budding atana tha leh puitling a nih hun hi kum khat atanga kum 2 thleng pawh a ni thei a. Thei than chak leh chak lohah pawh a innghat bawk a ni. Dan naranin Budding atana a lo puitlin tawh chuan, zikno a rawn chhuah hlim hian a ni a. Amaherawhchu fur ruahtui tam lai erawh chuan tih tur a ni lo. A tawih ral duhin ruahsur tamin a inzawm tur kha a nan chhe duh bik em em a ni. A hun tha ber chu favang khaw thengthaw lai leh thal khawro lai nipui intan hmaa zikno chawrno rawn insiam laiin a ni tur a ni.

A kungpui(Scion) thlan dan :- Rootstock( a bul thu ) chu inches chanve vel (pencil tiat) vel a lo nihin Budding a tih tan theih tawh tihna a ni a. A kung hrisel tha chauh hman tur a ni.

     A kungpui atan chuan a kumin chawrnona zara mi lak tur a ni. Tam tham deuh a Budding tihna hmunah chuan inches 6/9 laia sei te pawh an la a. A hnah leh a zik tan chhum tur a ni. He a zar lakkhawm hi tel khawm a, Balu leh hnawngah hapta hnih vel dah leh phawt tur a ni. Chumi hnua a la hring zawng chu Budding atan hman tur a ni.

Bel zawm dan tur (Budding operation):- Bel zawm hi lei seh chin atanga inches 9 emaw inches 12 vel a sangah chauh tih tur a ni. Bel zawm dan hi chi hnih a awm a, chung te chu : T ang bel zawm emaw T letling ang emaw, duh zawk zawka bel zawm tur a ni . Chumi hnuah chuan lei lut thei lo turin khawi hnun emaw thil hnai (rei tak thleng ro lo a awm thei chi ) in zut phuiin saranga tuam leh tur a ni. A mit (bul) erawh chu tuam tel tur a ni lo. A zar peng rawn insiamna tur a nih avangin .

Budding rawn chawrno thar enkawl zui dan :-

     Chutianga kan theikung duh tak mai kan han bel hnu chuan hapta ruk hnu velah chuan inches 5-6 laiah a lo thang lian ta a. Hetih lai hian a kung bul thuta mi kha a rawn chawrno bawk a. Hetiang ang ti mi a huan(nursery) a thawktu thenkhatte chuan hapta ruk hnu velah a kung bul thut chu scion an bel zawmna chung chiahah an tan chhum thin.

     Hetianga rawn chawrno thar hi maimawm ril leh pangang ten an bawm duh em em a. Chuvangin englai pawha vil renga ngai a ni tih hriat tur a ni. A kung bul thut atanga zar thar leh hnah thar rawn insiam a awm chuan kut lawnga tuai thlak zung zung tur a ni. Chem hriam emaw bak cheh emaw hman tur a ni lo.

     Kum khat a nih hun chuan, kan thei duh tak mai kan zuk bel zawm chu ft 2-2 ½ laite alo tling ve thei tawh a. A peng zar pawh pencil tiat zet a lo ni ve thei tawh a ni. Hetiang tiat a lo nih hian phun sawn leh ram danga thiar sawn a theih ta chauh a ni tih i hre tur a ni.

Kui tiah (Seeding) leh Budding (bel zawm) :

Phun sawn dan leh enkawl dan : Phun sawn tura lak chhuah hian a tona bul lei nen pawh phawi tur a ni a. Ruah tui tamna hmunah leh hnai tea phun sawn tur a nih dawn chauhin a bul lei tel lova pawh phawi tur a ni.

     Hmun hla taka thiar sawn (transport) a nih dawn phei chuan, a bul lei lak tel bakah lei tha dang bel belh a, tuam beh tlat tur a ni. A zung sin (root hair) a tam thei ang ber ti chhe lova kar phawh tur a ni. A zung sin hi an chaw siam nana tui hip luttu ber a ni tih hriat tur a ni. He mi hnu hian buhpawl ilo vel nen tui pai tam thei zawka tuam leh tur a ni. Ram hla taka thiar sawn tur phei chu hetianga tel fel vek hnuah hian rei tak thi lova awm thei tura buatsaih leh tur a ni. A phun sawn hun atan chuan nikir ruahsur khalh ngei tura phun hman tur a ni.

THEI HUANA PHUN SAWN DAN

     A phunna tur chu tlang ramah chuan Terrace anga siam tur a ni . Kan phunna tur chauh lo pawh a huan siam chhung chu sam fai vek tur a ni. Kan thei huan chu Thlipui leh thlifim tamna a ni tur a ni lo. Chutiang hmun a lo nih pawhin, thli dal kan siam tur a ni.

A khur laih dan tur : A phunna tur khur chu ft.+2 inbial ft 2 bawka thuk emaw , ft 2 ½ inbial 2 ½ bawk a thuk a ni tur a ni. Hei hi phun sawn hma kar 2 hma lamah lo laih hman tur a ni. Hemi hnu hian hnah ro leh thing tangro ilo vel a khurah chuan daha hal tur a ni. Hemi hnu hian a chanve ama vung khan hnawh leh phawt tur a ni. Chumi hnuah chuan ama vung leh bawngek leitha phun chu a khur kan laih lai takah dah kan tum hram tur a ni. Chubakah nghet takin che mai mai thei lo turin kan hnawh tur a ni. Kan hnawh zawng hian a zung sin erawh chu tisil-awng lo thei tur ang berin fimkhur takin kan nem muk tur a ni. Budding chi hi kan phun sawn chuan kan bel zawmna lai kha a lo berah lei seh chin atanga inches 6-a sangah a awm(lawr) ngei tur a ni.

A khur hlat zawng : India ram hmun tam zawkah chuan han phun hlim hian a kung hlat zawng ft 15 leh a tlar hlat lam ft 18 inkar danah an phun thin.

      Hetianga phun a nih hnu hian a hual velin tui tlinna tur laih kual leh nise a tha.

     Kan hriat atana tul em em chu phun sawn hun hi chawhma lam aiin chawhnu lam tlai ni nem lamah nise a tha a ni. Phun sawn nia nisa vawl vawl leh thlifim a tleh vak vak hi a tha lovin, hetiang ang hunah chuan phun sawn loh tur a ni.

THEI HUAN THAR LAM ENKAWL DAN :

     Huan tharlam enkawl kan tih hian heng atang suat, tui pek, natna leh hrikte eichhetu leh a ven,leitha pek , khawvawt leh thlipui laka ven te leh leimin tur ven himte a huam vek a ni. Heng zinga a pawimawh zualte han lawr ta ila.

Irrigation : Ruahtui tlak tlem kum chuan pek ngei tur a ni. Amaherawhchu rei tak an zung bawr huh tur chuan pek tur a ni lo. A zung tuiin rei tak chiah hi a lawnga, a thih phah thei a ni. Tui pek dan hi chi hran hran a awm a. A bul hual vela laih hual emaw, a kung bula canal siam a luan tir pawh a theih a. A enga pawh chu nise,a kungpui bul (trunk) chim tir leh khawih tir reng loh tur a ni.

Leitha leh a chaw pek dan : Fertilizer pek dan thar tha ber chu, ser bul ft 3 bial vel thlawh fai tur a ni a. Kan leitha pek tur kha chawhpawlh vek tur a ni. Tichuan serkung pui atanga inches 4-6 vela hlaah thendarh tur a ni a. Ser kung khat zela pek dan tur chu hetiang hi a ni ang.

          Urea            DAP            MOP

          255gms      260gms       167gms

     Theh darh hi a tulna chu ser hi a chaw hiptu zung hi lei pawnlang lama inzar pharh an nih a vang a ni . Thlawh fai hian thuk tak thlenga hai tur a ni lo. A zung sin hai chat lo tawka thlawh tur a ni.

Pruning & Training (A zar suat thawl leh a buk mawi tura sawngbawl dan) :

     A zar suat thawl hi thil tul ber nilo mahse,uluk tak leh a hun taka tih chuan thlaiin a that phahin a timawi em em a ni. Hemi mai bakah pawh nieng a hmu kim tha bikin ser kung pawh a thang duang bik a ni.

     A zar suat thawl hi kan bel zawmna atanga ft 1 aia hniam lo leh ft 2 ½ aia sang lo atangin a zar peng dang a to chauh tur a ni. Kan bel zawmna kha thlaruk aia naupang lo a nih hma chuan a zar kan suat thawlin, cheimawi turin kan suat thla tur a ni lo. Kum 5-6 a nih thlengin kan suat thawl theiin kan cheimawi thei ang.

     Heng bakah hian Water Shoot an tih mai Serkung bul thut lam atang hian a peng danglam bik rawn to chhuak a awm thin a. A zar peng dang aiin a phek deuh a, hling an ngah bawk a, a hnah put pawh a hrawl bik a. An thang duang bikin kum khat chhung mai pawhin a zar peng dang tam tak tak khum zawkin a thang chho thin a ni.

     Hei hi Water Shoot an tih chu a ni a. Paih bo ngei ngei tur a ni. Rah a chhhuah ve thei lo. Water Shoot baka sah thlak angai leh dang te chu, a zar dang te aia to kualkawi bik leh a ziding chho lai a , a zar peng dang su buai zawnga to ho te an ni. Kan sahthlak ho reng reng te hi a kak thuam nena tan chhum tur a ni a, engmah filawr awm lova tan chhum tur a ni.

Thlawhfai : Serthlum hi leilung hmun hrang hrang hmun zawl awihtlan leh Tarrace ah te chin a niin, lei chi hrang hrangah te chin an nih avangin a chinna leh leilung sawisak dan turah remruatna fel tak a sawi theih lohva, Amaherawhchu a chinna hmun chu eng ang hmun pawh nise, thlawhfai ngei ngei tur a ni. Hnim hian eng an hmuh tur ang a hmuh tir lova, chu chuan an chaw siamna nasa takin a tibahlah a ni. Chumai bakah an chaw eitur nasa takin an lo ei heu sak ve a ni.

     Amaherawhchu hnim kan thlawhin lei kan zuk hai khuar tur a ni. Serthlum hi a chaw hip luttu zungzam hi lei pawnlang ang maia inzar pharh a nih avangin thuk taka thlawh chuan chaw la luttu tur an zung sin kan tichhe thin a, nasa takin a ti than thu thei a ni.

SER PAR CHHUAK TAWH ENKAWL DAN

     Heng a hnuaia kan tarlan te hi ser par chhuak tawhah pawh kenkawh chhoh reng tur a ni a.

a) Tui pek :- Ser hi an par lai leh an rah insiam laia tui a hmuh that loh chuan a rah a insiam puitling thei lo tih hriat tur a ni. A par leh a rah sen chu a tla kawlh mai thin.

b) Leitha pek :- A rah that nan leh a kung hrisel nan hetianga pek tura ni. 225gms Urea, 260gms DAP, 167gms MOP

c) Thlawhfai :-

d) Suat thawl :- A par rawn lan tan hi March a ni a. A kung hrisel leh a buk tam dan azirin a par chu a tamin a tlem thin. A par tichhe theitu ruahpui , rial etc. te lakah ven fimkhur hi zir tur nasa tak kan neihte zingah dah ila a tha a ni.

A THAR ZAT

     Sisu hi a kung puitling tawhah pum 500-600 a rah ber a. Serthlum erawh chu pum 1000-1500 te a ni.

     Sisu leh serthlum te hi ngun taka enkawl chuan kum rei tak a dam thei a, kum 30 -40 thlengin rah tha takin an chhuah thei a ni. Ram dangah phei chuan kum 50 lai pawh rah chhuah theiin an enkawl thiam a. India ramah hi chuan kum 25 lai a la ni tlangpui . Hmun thenkhatah chuan natna leh a hrikin a bawm khawloh avangin kum 12-15 lek dam zo tawk tawk te an ni nawk hlawm bawk a ni.

Dah that dan : Serthlum dah tha tur chuan uluk taka lawr tur a ni a. Zai hek emaw, a tla dup emaw, sil awmna nei reng reng chu a tha lo a ni. Dah tha tur chuan hetianga sawngbawl tur a ni. A pawn la hel si a kawr la hring si, mahse a chhung lam (a zung hrual) hmin tawh si hi an ni tur a ni a. Chutiang ang ho chu 11℃-13℃ vawtah hapta li vel dah phawt tur a ni.A pawn (a pil) chu serthlum hmin pangngai rawng ang a lo ni ang a,chumi hnuah chuan 4℃-6℃ inkara vawtah dah leh tur a ni. Hetianga dah hian thla 2 thla 3 lai chu chhe lovin a dah that theih a ni.

SERMAM LEH SERTHUR

     Hengho hi theitui in atan te, thei um (pickles) atan leh , hmeh sawra chawmah te hman an ni tlangpui a. India ramah hi chuan SER THUR (Lemons) hi hman lar a ni mah zawk.

Variety : (1) Khagzi lime (2) Rangpur lime (3) Mitha Nimboo (4) Eureka (5)Lisbod (6) Vilia Franca (7) Barasima (8) Galgal (9) Pat Lemon

Sik leh Sa : Sermam leh Serthur hi sik leh sa thu ah bithliah thiam a har hle. Hmun tam tak hmun lum leh hnawng ram atanga hmun vawt tak thlengin a chin theih a. Mahse vur ram leh khawvawtin a hmeh vak vak theihna hmunah a tha thei lo. Ft 4000 laiah sangah pawh a tha thei tho a ni.

Leilung : Sawntlung lei hi hnim tawih inchawhpawlhna leilungah an tha duh ber a. Mahse a zung tuiin a chim reng theihna hmunah an tha thei lo. Pialtlep hmun kan tih maiah pawh an tha thei thova, mahse tui pek ngun a ngai thung a ni.

A chin darh dan : A chin atanga kui tiah nun chhoh hi an tha duh ber a. Mahse tunlai chuan bel zawm (budding) pawh hi an ti ve zeuh zeuh . Amaherawhchu serthlum ang lo takin a chi atanga phun nun chhoh hi bel zawm (Budding) aiin khawlum leh vawt a tuar chak a, rah pawh a chhuah hma bik bawk a ni.

     Nursery atanga phunsawn tur pawh hian a chi atanga kui tiah hian kum khat leka phunsawn an theih laiin bel zawm (budding) hi chuan kum 1 ½ atanga kum 2 lai a duh bawk a ni.

Phunsawn : A phunna tur cheibawl leh phun hnua ser huan enkawl thuah chuan serthlum nen a inang a. A phun kar hlat lam chu ft 12-15 a ni turn a ni. Serthur leh Sermam te hi thenkhat chu hmun awh zau zawnga zar darh vak chi an awm a. Chutiang chu hruia pawh khawm emaw, leihrula a zam kanna siam siak tur a ni. Hetia tih hian , a rah kha nisa lutukin a hem khik tur kha a hnah leh a zar ten an hliahin a rah a him duh bik a ni.

A rah thei tawh enkawl dan : Dan naranin serthur leh sermam hi kum 4-5 ah rah a chhuah ber a. Chuta tang chuan kum tluanin a par a awm a, a rah a insiam reng bawk thin. A par atanga thla 6 hnuah a rah a puitling thin. Kumtluana par leh rah chhuah reng a nih avangin enkawl ngun a ngai a. Heng a hnuaia tarlan angte hi tih fo tur :

     1) A hmun thlawhfai

     2) Suat thawl

     3) Tui pek

     4) A zar kaihkhawm leh a zawmna siam.

     5) Leitha pek (Serthlum nen a in ang)

Sengkhawm dan : Serthurte chu a par atanga thla 6 hnuah an puitling a, han rah tam chang nei mahse, kumtluanin a sengkhawm theih ti ila a sual lovang. A rah hring dal atanga a eng a nih inkar hi sengkhawm hun a ni. A rah lawh hian a kung nen pawh vak vak a ni lova, herh thlawn tur pawh a ni hek lo . A theih chuan bakcheha thliah tawp a tha ber mai.

A thar zat : Serthur leh Sermam hi a thar a inthlau thei hle a. Sermam hi kum khatah 2000-4500 lai kung khat atangin a seng theih a. Serthur erawh chu 600-800 vel chauh kum khatah seng theih a ni. Anmahni hi an ruangam a khauhin bawmranga han thun mai pawh hian hmun hla tak thlengin chhe lovin a phurhsawn theih a ni.

Dahthat dan : Amah lawng mai pawh hian hmun thengthawt thatna pindanah chuan chhe lovin thla khat vel chu a dah mai mai theih a, 9℃-11℃ ah phei chuan thla 2 lai chhe lovin a vawn that theih.

SER HO ZINGA NATNA LEH EICHHE THEITU AWMTE

     Kan serte hlawhtling taka seng tur chuan a eichhe theitu natna a veite enkawl leh a venna hnathawh chu tihmakmawh a ni tur a ni. Huan neite chuan a khat tawkin a ser huan a vil reng tur a ni a, ngun takin natnain a khawih em tih a en thlithlai fo tur a ni. A hnuaia kan tarlan tak te hi a khawih chhe theitu thenkhat en ngun ngai bik te an ni.

1. Citrus Butterfly : Hei hian an pangang Nursery a ser tiak hlim hnah no a ei ber a, an ei chakin an thang chak hle. He pangang hi hnah rawng ang tak a ni a, hmuh mai pawh a har viau a ni. A venna atan DDT 50% a kah tur a ni. Folicitol pawhin a kah theih bawk. Hemi bakah hian ser tiak te chu ngun taka en fova, pangang te thah zel chuan damdawi hmang kher lo pawhin a tihrem theih a ni.

2. Borers : Hei hian a kung an verh pawp a, a zar no deuh phei chu a zik atangin a rova, a thi mai thin. Heng thing nget Pangang hi a pui chu ser kung hmun khuar laiah a tui a, a pangang lo keu chuan ser pil leh a kungte chu chawah a ring chho ta thin a. He thing nget hi a puitling chu inches khat vela sei taksa eng deuh leh a lu lam dum deuh a ni. Ser kung chu hmun tam takah verh pawpin ser kung leh pil chuan a inchawm thin. Dan naranin serkung upa leh enkawl ngai lohna hmunah hmuh tur a tam ber. A venna atan chuan BHC emaw, DDT emaw in,ser bul (lei seh chin) atanga mihring chen vel thleng zut chho ila a tha. Khawnvartui emaw Petrol emaw, pawh khawl tel bura thuna kah luhin a sawt hle bawk. Kah luh hnu rei vak lovah tui kah luh leh teuh tur a ni. Hluma zut phui zui leh tur a ni. Ser kung thel mam thatin thui tak a ven theih bawk.

3. Citrus leaf minar : Ser hnah hreuhtu ti ila a sual tam awm lo ve. Hei hi rannung te tak te an ni a. A note chuan ser hnah chu an hreuh kual ta a. A tui te hip chhuakin a hnah a lo ro mai thin a ni. Heng damdawi te hian kap fo ila, Chungte chu :- Malathion, Endrin, DDT Parathion leh Nicotine sulphate te in.

Mealy Bugs : Hei hi rannung te tak te te ser rah dawt thin tu an ni . A tamna hmunah chuan an khawih chhe nasa theiin, ser rah a tla teuh thin. Dan naranin ser hnah hnuai lam leh ser rah hnun bulah an tam thin. Lady Bird Beetles an tih hian hetiang hi chaw-ah an hmang thin a. Chubakah fanghmir leh mawng-er te hian rannung hi an pu darh chak em em a, fanghmir pawh hi control tur a ni. Dam lam dep sir huanah a awm duh bik.

Fruit Sucking moth : Hei hian a khawih chhe nasain a nasatna hmunah chuan hlawh chham derna a thlen thei. Ser rah bawmtu phengphehlep chuan ser rah a dawt a, a tui a fawp chhuak a, a hip chhuahnaah chuan a tui a phumin a tui chu ser chhungah a keu thin a ni. Chutiangin a khawih sil tawh ser rah sen chu a lo tawih a, a tla mai thin. Ser rah sen atanga a hmin thlengin a ei chhe thin a ni. DDT a kahin a control theih . Heng bakah hian nasa vak lova eichhe theitute an la awm a, chungte chu :-

     (a) Aphids

     (b) Scale insects

     (c) Citrus white fly

     (d) Thrips

     (e) Nematods

     Hengte hi chuan ser huan te bei ve mahse pawi thamin an khawih chhe ve lem lo.

Natna te :-

1. Root rot :- A zung nget natna ti ila a sual awm lo ve. Hemi awm tirtu ber chu Phytopthora Species a ni a. A zung chu lei seh chin atanga ngetin zawi zawiin a kungpui a zawh chho thin. A nasatna hmunah chuan a kungpui chu a ei chhiain , a thih phah der thei.

2. Leaf fall & fruit : A hnah tla leh a rah nget ti ila a dik mai awm e. Hei hi a awm tirtu chu phytopthora palmivora a ni a. A rawn lan tan dan chu, ser hnah chu a rawn chhuak a, a darh zau zel a, a rawng rawn danglamin a ro mai thin. A rah pawh chutiang bawkin. Ser huan dam lam pang perah a tam deuh bik. A enkawl nan Bordeux mixture a tha.

3. Powdery mildow : Ser hnah paw kan tih hi a ni. A khawih tawh chu ser hnah a lo paw a, a kir a, atang ro te leh a rah te chu zawi zawiin a vuai a a thi ta mai thin. Lime sulphur emaw a kah tur a ni. Heng bakah hian nasa lo te te a khawih chhe thei tu natna dang a awm ve a, chungte chu :-

     (a)Wither tip

     (b) Pink disease

     (c) Citrus scales

     (d) Citrus dye back te an ni.

Citrus Canker (Xanthomoras Citri) : He natna hi a awm tir tu chu Bacteria a ni a. Bacteria chu enlenna nen lo chuan a hmuh theih loh. Citrus canker chu ser piangsual sawrbawl, thenkhat chu puak keh niawm taka khi deuh tawh thin ho, a pang khing lehlam lian deuh bur thin ho hi a ni. He natna hi a darh chak ve viau va, a khawih pawi thei riau bawk. A rah mai bakah a kung leh a hnah pawh a khawih chhe thei. A venna tha ber chu ser tang leh a hnah hi natnain a khawih theih chu lakkhawma, halral tur a ni. Savate, fanghmir te, thli te leh ser eichhetu rannung ho hi he natna pu darhtu bulpui ber a ni.

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